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New Edition Now Covers Recycling, Environmental Issues, and Analytical Determination
Employing four decades of experience in the rare metal and rare earths industry, the authors of Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, Second Edition present the entire subject of rare earth elements with depth and accuracy. This second edition updates the most important developments from the past 10 years. It emphasizes advances made in rare-earth materials processing (converting a rare-earth metal, alloy, or compound to a device-ready material), breakthroughs in the area of rare-earth separation, and now includes a chapter on the recycling of rare earth elements from magnets, batteries, and phosphors among others, covering both manufacturing scrap or materials in end of life devices.
Essential to Your Collection
This second edition presents comprehensive, detailed, and up-to-date coverage that includes:
All aspects of rare earth extractive metallurgy A status of rare earth extraction from various world resources Flow sheets that can be used for rare earths separation, metal reduction, alloy making, refining and end product materials preparation Techniques of various rare earths recycling options An outline of environmental issues in rare earths mining and processing Methods of rare earths determination and analyses of components and impurities in rare earth materials Information extensively linked to primary literature with a complete listing of references A narration of the changing scenario of world rare earth resources and possibility of their exploitation
An indispensable resource, Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, Second Edition explains the many aspects of rare earth extractive metallurgy clearly and systematically. The text reveals process implementation possibilities and research opportunities, and considers potential solutions to the challenges impacting this rapidly changing industry.
Table of Contents
The Rare Earths
Introduction
Discovery
Special Characteristics
Properties
Reactivity
Aqueous Systems
Applications
Global Rare-Earth Demand
Summary
Resources
Introduction
Crustal Abundance
Minerals
Rare-Earth Deposits
Resources and Reserves
Occurrence
By-Products and Coproducts
World Rare-Earth Production
A Scenario for the Immediate Future
Summary
Resource Processing
Introduction
Mining
Physical Beneficiation
Beneficiation of Other Rare-Earth Minerals
Chemical Treatment
Separation Processes
Scandium
Summary
Reduction
Introduction
Fundamentals
Metallothermy
Preparation of Rare-Earth Chlorides
Reduction of Rare-Earth Chlorides
Preparation of Rare-Earth Fluorides
Reduction of Rare-Earth Fluorides
Oxide Reduction Processes
New Reduction Procedures
Carbothermic Reduction
Electrolytic Production of Rare-Earth Metals
Recovery of Rare-Earth Metals as Alloys
Current Efficiency
Summary
Refining
Introduction
Origin of Impurities
Methods for Impurity Removal
Pyrovacuum Treatments
Pyrovacuum Techniques
Electrorefining
Ultrapurification Methods
Zone Refining
Solid-State Electrotransport
Zone Refining and Electrotransport
Iodide Refining
Miscellaneous Processes
Summary
Rare-Earth Materials
Introduction
Misch Metal
Rare Earth–Silicon–Iron Alloys
Rare Earth–Magnesium–Silicon Alloys
Rare Earth–Aluminum–Zinc Alloy
Yttrium–Aluminum Alloy
RE–TM–Mg Alloys
FCC Catalysts
Permanent Magnet Materials
Rare Earth–Co Permanent Magnets
Neodymium–Iron–Boron Magnets
Sm–Fe–N Magnets
Lanthanum Substitution in Ferrites
Magnetostrictive Material (Terfenol-D)
Magnetic Refrigerants (Magnetocaloric Materials)
Thin Film Deposition Processes
NiMH Battery and Hydrogen Storage Materials
Special Rare-Earth Ceramics
Preparation of Rare-Earth Phosphors
Superconductors
Summary
Recycling
Introduction
Materials for Recycling
Potential for Recycling
Processes for Recycling
Pyrometallurgical Processes
Hydrometallurgy
Separation of Individual Rare Earths
Magnets
Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries
Phosphors
Glass-Polishing Powder
Catalysts
Optical Glass
Miscellaneous Materials
Summary
Analysis of Rare Earths
Introduction
Chemical Methods
Analytical Separation of Rare Earths
Instrumental Methods
Spectroscopy
ICP-MS
XRF
NAA
Other Instrumental Techniques
Determination of Interstitials
Summary
Environmental Aspects
Introduction
Contaminant Elements in Rare-Earth Ores
Main Process Steps in Mining and Processing
Contaminant Release Points
Environmental Aspects of Mining and Processing in China
Entry Criteria for Rare-Earth Industry (China)
Research and Development on Cleaner Production in China
Environment-Friendly Processing outside China
Mountain Pass
Bear Lodge
Mount Weld
Dubbo Zirconia Project
Kvanefjeld
Steenkampskrall Mine
Nechalacho Project
Summary
References
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Author(s)
Biography
Dr. Nagaiyar Krishnamurthy was affiliated with the Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India, for nearly four decades. He earned his BS degree at the University of Madras in 1974, his MSc in 1980, and his PhD in 1992, both at the University of Bombay. He is a professor at the Homi Bhabha National Institute and has been a member of Indian Rare Earths Technology Development Council. In addition, Dr. Krishnamurthy has published more than 100 papers and co-authored three books that include the first edition of Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths, published by CRC in 2004.
Dr. Chiranjib Kumar Gupta retired as the director of Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in January 2000 after decades of association with BARC. He was instrumental in formulating and directing the programs of the Materials Group in the areas of extraction and processing of refractory metals and materials. He pioneered the open aluminothermic reduction as a process of metal- and alloy-making and contributed extensively to the use of fused salt electrolysis for the preparation and refining of group V and VI refractory metals. He is an alumnus of Banaras Hindu University. Dr. Gupta has authored nearly 200 publications.
Reviews
"For geologists, chemists, metallurgists, and students, it covers everything they want to know about rare earths — in short it is [the] book of the year."
Fathi Habashi, Laval University, Quebec, Canada"Rare earth elements are finding increasing application in advanced technologies. The book is useful in bringing together the extensive information that is available about the potential sources of these elements and the technologies used to process them. …This is a timely update of a valuable reference source."
—Peter Hayes, The University of Queensland, Australia"This book is an update to a very well written and valuable reference text that has capitalized on an important and scarce commodity. It provides invaluable information on a very important aspect of the development of green energy. Rare earth magnets have become essential components in a wide variety of technical advancements (windmills, Chevy Volt, etc.)."
—Patrick R. Taylor, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA"[A strength of this book is] the completeness of the coverage. The addition of a recycling chapter is a good idea. … This is a timely update of a book that is already important. The sooner it appears in print, the better. "
—Mark E. Schlesinger, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, USA"This is the best, most comprehensive, most up-to-date technical book on rare earths—a massive encyclopedic compilation without equal. The new edition, more than 300 pages longer than its predecessor (1st ed., 2004), was updated to include discussions of advances in the field and recycling. Krishnamurthy (Homi Bhabha National Institute, India) and Gupta (formerly, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) organized the volume into 12 chapters. They begin with an introduction to the history, properties, and applications of the rare earths, followed by a discussion of geology, minerals, and specific occurrences worldwide. Later chapters cover processing (mining, beneficiation, etc.); reduction to the metals, including the chemistry and physics of different methods; metal refining processes; rare earth materials and their applications; recycling; "accurate and reliable techniques" for chemical characterization and analyses of rare earth materials; and environmental issues and select examples from many areas worldwide. The text is strongly and appropriately augmented by numerous tables, charts, and illustrations. Most outstanding is a reference list of about 1,260 items that deal with the many subtopics addressed. The book's value lies in its complete coverage of essential knowledge of rare earth metals, including their technology and uses."
—CHOICE, September 2016
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